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| c. 1000 |
| | The first illustrated manual of surgery is written by Abul Kasim, an Arab physician in Cordoba | |
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| c. 1020 |
| | The Persian scholar Avicenna, author of encyclopedic works on philosophy and medicine, spends the last part of his life in Isfahan | |
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| 1100 |
| | Conjoined twins Mary and Eliza Chulkhurst are born in Biddenden, in Kent | |
| | Conjoined female twins Wellcome Library, London
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| c. 1489 |
| | Leonardo da Vinci begins an unprecedented series of detailed anatomical drawings, based on corpses dissected in Rome | |
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| c. 1500 |
| | European diseases bring death on a massive scale to an American population that has no immunity | |
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| 1513 |
| | Eucharius Rösslin publishes the first textbook for midwives, later translated into English as The byrthe of mankynde | |
| | Woman on a birthing stool
Wellcome Library, London
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| 1543 |
| | Flemish anatomist Andreas Vesalius publishes a seven-volume work which for the first time lays bare human anatomy | |
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| 1545 |
| | Ambroise Paré, the greatest surgeon of his day, publishes an account of how to treat gunshot wounds | |
| | Artificial hand designed by Ambroise Paré Wellcome Library, London
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| 1564 |
| | Gabriele Fallopia invents the condom | |
| | Swiss peasant family with 15 children
Wellcome Library, London
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| c. 1580 |
| | William Chamberlen invents the obstetrical forceps | |
| | Chamberlen forceps
Wellcome Library, London
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